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Heated Bed

Состояние выпуска: Неизвестный

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Описание
Prototype of a heated bed which avoids warp and the need for raft
Лицензия
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CAD модели
Ссылка на внешний ресурс


Введение

Платформа с подогревом(Heated bed) улучшает качество печати помогая избежать деформации,так как при остывании пластик немного сжимается. Без платформы пластик остывает не равномерно и в результате получаем деформированное изделие. Такая деформация проявляется чаще всего в виде размытых углов и неравномерного наложения слоев. С платформой подогрева изделия из ABS и PLA получаются более качественные,но можно печатать и без платформы с подогревом.

Flat heated bed.jpg

Результаты полученные на платформе с подогревом

Механическая конструкция

На платформе с подогревом можно печатать из различных видов пластика, при печати которых будут свои преимущества и недостатки.

Термическая изоляция

Независимо от применемых материалов платформа с подогоревом должна быть утеплена(теплоизолирована), так как неутепленная платформа не сможет толком нагревать печатаемое изделие. Для утепления обычно используются диэлектрические материалы картон, шерсть, хлопок, ткань поверх МДФ средней плотности. Платформа может также монтироваться непосредственно к деревянной платформе без каких-либо заметных негативных последствий.

Шерсть может быть хорошим вариантом для утепления, потому что его температура воспламенения - 600 градусов по цельсию.

Схема подключения

Платформа потребляет около 6а, ток для работы (12 вольт на 2 ом) и выбранный кабель должен соотвествовать этим параметрам. Также не забывайте что провод должен быть термоустойчив и не поплавится. Провод должен выдерживать до 100 градусов пол цельсию(максимальная температура платформы). Подключать платформу лучше проводом с тефлоновым покрытием или аналогичным термостойким проводом.

Использование неподходящих проводов могут привести к повреждению оборудования, пожару и поражению электрическим током.

Материалы для платформы

Смотрите: Bed_material/ru материалы для платформы с подогревом

Термоскотч

Kapton клеется на платформу, после печати остывшие детали легко отцепляются с платформы. Лента Каптона должна приклеиваться равномерно и без пузырьков. На видео показывается как это делать.

<videoflash>DNQ0WhonnBM</videoflash>
Пользователь MarcusWolschon утверждает, что 70°C достаточно для печати ABS пластиком на каптоне.

ABS сок

Для печати ABS нитью без отрыва хорошо подходит ABS сок(ABS Juice), полученный путем смешивания технического ацетона и кусков ABS пластика. Соотношение ацетона и ABS пластика подбирается экспериментально, налив в емкость ацетона закидываем по чуть-чуть куски пластика интервалом 10-15 минут до получения нужной Вам консинстецнии. Чем больше пластика - тем густее будет сок.

Лак для волос

Простое решение это лак для волос. Чем сильнее фиксация - тем лучше. Лак "Наша прелесть" показал хороший результат.

Малярный скотч

Малярный скотч является дешевой альтернативой Kapton ленты. В отличии от каптона с него труднее снимать остывшие детали, что может привести к повреждению изделий. Малярный скотч найти легко и он дешевый.

Открытая поверхность

Только несколько человек имели хорошие результаты при печати на различных поверхностях, таких как медь, полированный алюминий, и голое стекло. На голом стекле вы можете использовать лак для волос, чтобы улучшить адгезию(прилипание). Вы можете распечатать PLA **без** обогреваемые поверхности, если вы используете лак для волос. Не все бренды работают хорошо.

Клей ПВА

Простое решение особенно хорошо для PLA. Соотношение составляет приблизительно 1 часть клея на 10 частей воды(1 к 10). Намажьте его на горячую платформу и оставьте раствор до полного высыхания.

<videoflash>FuQ2EabKBDo</videoflash>

Клей карандаш

Various people and companies (SeeMeCNC, ShapingBits) uses Elmer's glue sticks (Elmer's All Purpose, Cra-Z-Art washable, Scotch Permanent Glue Stick) to keep ABS, PLA, and Nylon sticking to their glass beds. It keeps the build adhered to the bed just enough so its easy to pull off once the print is done without a scraper knife, but wont fall off on its own accord, and it is easier to clean off of your print than hairspray or painters tape. In the case of too thick PVA film on the bed, PLA parts might not release when cooling down, but since PVA is water soluble, a simple (warm) water bath would release it.

Also, on a Rostock style printer, and maybe other printers, you can reportedly set up some G-code to have the hotend platform run into the print once finished, knocking it off the bed, and then start again, accomplishing several consecutive prints. This is possible through the glue stick method because, as stated earlier, it just has enough stick to the bed to keep it on while printing, but can be easily removed later.

Testing has shown that nylon will stick very well to purple to clear washable school glue by Elmers. 4 hours into printing and a 100+ mm wide object is still sticking to the bed

HBP Material

See also: Bed material

Glass

A heated bed can be built using a good quality glass (3mm thickness for example). Glass can be found at hardware stores, home improvement stores, and many craft stores that have picture framing services. Many of these stores will cut the glass to size with little or no additional cost. forums for example, purchased a piece of 3mm thickness glass for his Mendel for only 1.5€. While inexpensive and easy to find, remember that glass can be a very unpredictable material and can break when heated.

Advantages of using glass:

  • It can be purchased in flat sheets.
  • Thicker sheets of glass do not bend (at least for our tolerances).
  • It is a commonly found material and can be purchased for little cost!
  • Low thermal conductivity means that sudden spikes or drops in temperature do not happen, giving a (theoretically) more thermally stable build platform.

Disadvantages:

  • Standard glass can fracture when not heated evenly.
  • Low thermal conductivity can lead to hot spots which can cause cracking.
  • Special tools are required to drill and cut glass.
  • Glass is a heavy material which can lead to jittering issues on the axis moving the build platform.

Normal glass is ideally used on top of an aluminium or copper plate, so the temperature is evenly spread. According to a glass supplier user rkoeppl asked, normal glass should not be used for temperatures over 80-100 Celsius. Single pane safety glass is more expensive, but can safely be used for temperatures of up to 200 Celsius. If higher temperatures are needed there is the option to use the same type of glass that is used for oven doors. If you use normal glass to reduce your risk of it cracking: Keep it the same size or smaller than the heated zone (or the difference in expansion between the cold edge and the warm centre may cause it to crack), and don't have a fan directed on to it (eg to cool the extrusion) - cool centre and warm edge is also likely to crack it.

Due to the low thermal conductivity, the temperature on the top of the plate as opposed to bottom side of the plate (which is being heated) may be different. In most cases, this should only be a couple degrees, but be aware of this effect when choosing bed temperatures if your thermistor is below the glass.

User Casainho recorded a video (on 2010.08.18) that shows the Mendel Heated Bed made using glass and Kapton tape: <videoflash type="blip">AYH27h0A</videoflash>

Metal

A flat metal sheet can also be used as a build surface (with or without tape) and as a heat spreading device. Due to most metal's high thermal conductance, a metal sheet will spread heat evenly.

Note that most metals can expand quite a bit when heated, so if the metal sheet is not allowed to expand on the heated bed, it can bow and damage your prints. Bowing can also occur if the edges of the metal sheet cool faster than the center, so sheets larger than the heater are not recommended. The thinner the sheet, the more prevalent the bowing can be.

The specific heat (this can be thought of as how fast a material heats up and cools) can be vary different for different metals. Aluminum, for example, has a low specific heat and will heat and cool very quickly. Steel and copper have a much higher specific heat and take a lot longer to heat up or cool down. There are advantages and disadvantages to high and low specific heats, so experimentation might be necessary for some people. While it doesn't change the specific heat of the material itself, thicker sheets of metal will also hold their heat longer.

One user is experimenting with a quick release bed made of thin steel that is magnetically held flat against a thicker non-magnetic heated bed. (Curie temperature of neodymium magnets is around 300ºC -- low for a magnet, but safely above the 220ºC maximum build plate temperature).

Ceramic

Ceramic combines the flat properties of glass without the shattering problems caused by uneven heating and can be cut and drilled much easier without fracturing. Note that the thermal conductivity of ceramic is far lower than glass, so fast heating may be problematic. See the glass section for more details.

On the RepMan a has shown good results.

Ceramic can be used for the bed itself or as insulating standoffs.

Heated Build Chamber (HBC)

Please see Heated Build Chamber page

Discussion

We're organized in this RepRap-Forum with gathering ideas, troubleshooting, and designing the heated bed. Please join us and remember you're welcome to log in and edit this page as well!

If you've come to this page, you may well want to look at this heated bed design too.

Heater types

Various designs for heating the beds (be the actual bed made of whatever) have been used.

Nichrome

Mendel heated bed uninsulated nichrome wire attached to the bottom of the bed with Kapton tape.

Aluminium Clad Resistors

Pros:

  • very cheap,
  • can handle ABS and PLA easily,
  • Mains or 12V powered

TO220 Resistors

"Don't use TO220 resistors. All mine failed eventually so I use AL clad now, which have never failed."

--nophead

Hot Plate

"Hot plates" are normally used for cooking, and take mains voltage

Grip Heater

Motorcycle grip heaters work off of 12V, and deliver about 35W to 2 flexible pads of about 100x50.

Etched PCB as a heating Element

Main Article: PCB_Heatbed

Pros:

  • Even Heat Distribution
  • Simple, clean implementation
  • Very little space required
  • Lightweight

Cons:

  • Relatively expensive (if you use a professionally manufactured board)

Stripboard PCB as a heating Element

Ghetto HBP on thingiverse is an example, with a link to one supplier of large (10x4 inch)stripboard for $2.65 each. So about $5 plus S&H for a HPB circuit board.

Pros:

  • Cheap
  • Even Heat Distribution
  • Simple, clean implementation
  • Very little space required
  • Lightweight

Cons:

  • Must be soldered into the desired configuration
  • Large stripboards are relatively hard to find


Milled PCB as a heating Element

Pros:

  • Less expensive choice
  • Fun to make ;-)

Cons :

  • 20x20cm copper-clad blank plates are hard to find. Exploring whether 2 15x20 plates side by side will fit the intended use.


Note: Cheap pcb blank plates from eBay often have way less than the usual 35 microns copper thickness. If no data on thickness is available, estimate experimentally by measuring the resistance of a trace of known length and width.

Spreadsheet to calculate trace resistance: Media:trace_resistance.ods

Clothes Iron

Some have used a cheap (in every sense of that word) clothes iron. These can be purchased locally anywhere in the world, and will require some modification.

Pros:

  • Very inexpensive ($14 + fixings)
  • Very fast heat up (1600W)
  • Integrated thermostat (just turn the dial to select the temperature).
  • Mains voltage. No need for a power supply.
  • Most irons come with a little indicator light that shows when it is heating.
  • The knobs and buttons on the iron come with little springs that look like they will be good for extruder idler.
  • Glass can be removed and a spare one used for quick swapover between prints.

Cons:

  • Heavy
  • Needs a bit of space under the bed.
  • Unless you also use a solid state relay, temperature is not regulated by the firmware and you need to manually turn it off (con for unattended printing).
  • Mains voltage. Danger if not installed safely.
  • I had to cut the tip off to get it to fit under the bed properly.

Silicone Heating Mat

See the Heated_WolfBed (in German)

Pros:

  • Fast heating
  • Reliable
  • Most use mains voltage - DOESN'T require any amps from the 12 volt supply.
  • Very low height
  • Easy to install (adhesive backed)
  • Can be relatively inexpensive (see QU-BD below)
  • Can be run directly from 12v MOSFET without a relay(see QU-BD below)
  • Integrated thermistor (see QU-BD below)

Cons:

  • Expensive - silicon mat (50€) plus solid state relay (16€). QU-BD ($20 for 8x8 / $60 for 12x12)
  • Mains voltage, but can be purchased for 12v. Need GROUND line to aluminum bed for safety.
  • Relatively high temperatures possible (safety problem if thermistor dies/falls off).

Polyimide film heater

Similar to the silicone heating mat but sandwiched between Kapton films

Polyimide-film-heater.jpg

Peltier Element

There have been reports forums on utilizing the Peltier effect through often cheap of the shelf Peltier elements. They are commonly used amongst other things for thermoelectric cooling.

Foldaslot peltier12708 2.jpg

Electric construction

To power the bed, you should use a PC PSU or universal power supply that can output at least 10A @ 12V.
You may be able to get universal laptop-PSUs with adjustable voltage for a range of 15-24V at 80-180W.

The heating elements can be nichrome wire, power resistors for higher temperatures or ready-made, flat heating-pads for lower temperatures.
nichrome wire is cheaper and takes less space then power resistors.

(Note that for first tests a thermometer for the apropriate range and manually controlling the PSU-voltage can be enough to print. So you can postpone the electronics for later if this is not your strong point.) [suggested improvement: have two separate heaters spacially interleaving, one under-powered all the time, the other controlled by PWM. This would ease the current burden on the PWM power circuit. It would also improve temperature accuracy.]

Electronics Design #1

One possible electronic control circuit (NOT TESTED YET) can be the following one. It uses an Arduino to read the temperature from an appropriate sensor and PWM one power MOSFET. Target and current temperature values can be seen on a LCD. Target temperature can be selected using three buttons.

Temperature sensor

The TSIC101 is supplied with +5V from the Arduino board. It outputs a linear voltage between 0 and 1 volt. 0 volt for -50ºC and 1 volt for 150ºC.
Ardunio can be configured to have an ADC voltage reference of 1.1V, which means it can read steps of 1.1V/10bits ~= 1mV.
Since TSIC101 outputs 5mV for each 1ºC, Arduino will be able to measure each step of 0.2ºC (TSIC101 resolution is 0.1ºC).
We may not let the TSIC101 going over 140ºC for his safety, since 150ºC is the maximum.

Power MOSFET

The power MOSFET FDB8880 is rated for maximum VDss of 30V, which means it can cut at least 24V, however we will be using 12V.
It can cut also as maximum 11A with no heatsink.
Any MOSFET with an Rds(on) of less than about 20 milliohms at Vgs=4.5v,Tj=175c will be suitable, such as IRL3803 and STP55NF06.
It is controlled by Arduino digital 6 which can output a PWM signal of +5V.
The diode D1 is a protection against any possible voltage surges because of commuting the heater element.

(TODO: include scematics and board-layout here)

LCD

More info on Arduino LCD page.

Buttons

The three buttons let user select the target temperature. More functionalities can be added to firmware and use these three buttons to navigate on menus, for example.

There should be a MODE button, UP button and DOWN button;

The display must be a minimum of 4 characters (although 8 would be the useful minimum). 10 would be pure luxury and 2 lines would be overkill (unless it can be purchased for less than a one line display).

The mode button when pressed toggles between: On - Set - Off and then back to On.

The display appears as: "(Bed|Set|Off)[@: =][ 1-9][ 0-9][0-9][°]*[CF]*" when expressed as a regular expression.

In On and Off mode the Bed temperature is constantly displayed with a one second update. In Set mode we see the temperature that the bed should be heated to. This set temperature should be saved in EEPROM so it is available on the next start.

The Arduino have pull-up resistors that should be enable for the buttons working correctly.

LED

The LED can be used to signal something to user. It is a 20mA LED with 2V Vf.

Firmware

  • There is no need to implement PID control on firmware, but it can be done.
  • Last temperature values inputed by user should be saved on EEPROM, so user do not need to input it again.
  • There could be a few profiles (with temperature value changed by user), one for each kind of plastic, like for ABS target temperature = 120ºC and PLA target temperature = 55ºC.
  • Maybe a cool down slope is important, like let user define how much time the bed should take to go from target temperature to final one.

Schematic

Schematic source files for kicad.sourceforge.net KiCad.

Schematic:

Reprap-heated bed.png

Electronics Design #2

This design uses a simple analog control circuit and is easy and cheap to build (20$US for the electronics).

Bi-metal temperature switch

NC Temperature switch

A simple bimetal NC temperature switch controls the temperature. These switches are on (=connected) when the temperature is below the value of the switch, when the temperature gets above the rated value of the switch it turns off (disconnects). When the temperature of the switch has dropped below a certain point, say 10C cooler than the rated temperature the switch turns on again. For printing ABS a switch with a rating of 140C works and keeps the temperature of the bed between 125-140 degrees. The switches can be bought for a few dollars on the internet for (search on ebay: "NC Thermostat Temperature Switch Bimetal Disc").

Thermal fuse

To protect the bed from over-heating in case of a problem a thermal fuse is used. A rating of around 200C should work.

Fuse

For safety a fuse is placed in the circuit for safety in case of a short. The rating of the fuse is dependant of the voltage and wattage you are using.

Power resistors

The bed is heated with power resistors. In my (North90ty) case for a 220mm by 230mm bed made out of 4.6mm aluminium around 150W of power is needed to heat the bed to 125C, i use no insulation under the bed and the printer is in a cool room. I use 12 10W resistors which are wired so they equal 70 Ohms. My bed is powered on 115V AC. Power resistors can be glued to the bed with epoxy steel, look at the temperature rating of the epoxy steel before you buy it, a rating around 500C is recommended.

Grounding of the bed and printer

For your safety it is important to ground the bed and the printer, especially when using a high voltage power supply or power straight from the net (110/220AC).

Circuit

Heated bed 2.png

SAFETY

It is very important to use:

  • grounding of the bed to prevent electrical shocks [citation needed: shocks from a 12-24V supply? (Clarification: This seems to be a mains powered bed, not a 12 or 24 volt bed)]
  • a thermal fuse to protect against over heating
  • fuses for safety in case of a short (almost all power supplies have these built in, but extra safety isn't a bad thing).

Operational considerations

Initial heating

Due to the nature of things, the heated bed radiates heat. Loss of radiated heat from the bed results in poor efficiency when heating, which results in the need for more power to reach the desired temperature. A suggestion was made to try using a lid over the heated bed, to keep the heat trapped above the bed. Initial tests have proved successful at improving the initial heating time, though no detailed data on how much faster this improves heating is currently available.
The test lid was acrylic and approximately the same size as the bed. The piece of acrylic was on spacers that provided approximately 10mm clearance between the bed and the acrylic lid. Removal of the lid (to allow extruding) resulted in an almost immediate 5ºC temp drop (at 110ºC), which was then easily compensated for by the heating circuit in a minute or two.
Further suggestions have been made along the following lines:

  • Thermal blank: Effectively a plate to cover the entire plate except for the area to be printed. Some suggestions are to use the printer to print this thermal plate, however there is the issue of the waste of plastic and/or re-use of these blanks over multiple prints yet to be addressed.
  • Sliding plates blank: Same basic principle as the above, using sliding plates that can be moved into place around the bed to cover the non-printing area.

None of these ideas have yet been tested.

Removing the final printed piece

You should let the Heated Bed and piece cool down to avoid warping.

The printed piece may be very dificult to release from the Heated Bed. A good way to release it is using a hair dryer, blowing hot air against the piece when both Heated Bed and piece are cold (blowing approximated 20 seconds). If you want to release the piece when both Heated Bed and piece are hot, you may instead blow cold air, or use a wet towel and squeeze water around the piece and into the holes.

You can also use a pen knife to release the piece but be careful to not hurt yourself.

Skeinforge options for heated bed

Skeinforge has an option to control a heated bed and chamber.
Since we are not controlling the heated bed via gcode using the RepRap main board or the RepRap extruder board, we don't need that Skeinforge option.
We don't need a raft if the bed is flat enough but we need to print the first layer at a lower speed so the plastic can stick to Kapton tape.
Skeinforge options for this are in "Raft" -> "Object First Layer".
Keep in mind that skeinforge often renames options in newer versions or moves them to a different tab.
Here the main description taken from Skeinforge Manual at the RepMan-wiki:

Object First Layer

The first layer of your object is printed "differently" from the rest of the object. In some cases (especially if you are printing without raft) it is needed to print the first layer of your object slower or to deploy bit more filament.


  • RepRap:"No-curl hair dryer" 2008-12-11 : rather than buy nicrome wire and manually attach it to the bed and add some safety features around it, it reduces assembly time and may reduce net cost to buy a cheap off-the-shelf hair dryer (which already includes nicrome wire and some safety features) and clamp it in place.