Electric3DPrinter

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The Electric 3D printer combines three ideas to make a fourth. The three are:

  1. The reverse-CT scan 3D printing technique from Berkeley and Lawrence Livermore,
  2. The open-source electric 3D scanning technique for 3D reconstruction from Spectra, and
  3. Electropolymerisation.

My overall synthesis of the three is to use an electric current to make a liquid plastic monomer polymerise to a solid in such a way that it forms a 3-dimensional object with a specified shape, and to do that with a single scan in a time of (I hope…) a few seconds. Let me start by describing the three precursor technologies in more detail:

Berkeley Livermore Process


The Berkeley/Livermore system [thanks to B. E. Kelly et al., Science 10.1126/science.aau7114 (2019)].

Firstly, the Berkeley/Livermore system. What they do is to shine a light pattern from a digital projector into a bath of liquid monomer that contains a photoinitiator. Where a sufficient intensity of light falls, the monomer polymerises to form a solid. So far this description is like a conventional low-cost SLA system; but the really clever bit is that they treat the 3D object to be printed as if it were a CT scan. The light field is modulated in intensity as if it were (for example) X-rays passing through a patient on a scanner, and they rotate the scan so that a complete solid is formed in a single rotation in a matter of seconds. Computing the CT-scanner Radon Transform of a 3D-printing STL file is mathematically and computationally straightforward (it’s essentially just like ray-tracing for computer graphics). Neatly, their system does not need allowances to be made for refraction as the light enters the transparent rotating cylindrical bath containing the liquid monomer, because they submerge that in another bath that is rectangular, and so has flat faces for the light to pass through.

spectra

A preliminary scan of lung cross-section by the Spectra system [thanks to the Spectra Crowdfunder page].

Secondly, the Spectra system. This is an alternative way of CT scanning that does not use X-rays, but instead uses electric current. What they do is to place the object to be scanned in a bath of conducting liquid, and then apply a voltage from two small point-like electrodes on opposite sides of it and measure the current. The current takes multiple paths through the liquid around and through the object to be scanned, of course. But they then rotate the electrodes and repeat the measurement from a slightly different direction, just like rotating the X-ray source and the opposite detector in a conventional CT scanner. By repeatedly doing this they can gather enough information to construct a cross section of the object being scanned. By moving the electrodes at right angles to the cross section by a fraction of a millimetre and repeating the process they can make a stack of scans to digitise the scanned object as a full 3D solid. In practice more than two electrodes are used, and the current is switched electronically between them; this reduces mechanical complexity and increases speed.

electropolymerisation

Nanowires made on a surface by electropolymerisation; scale bar is 10 μm [thanks to the Science Direct article on electropolymerisation].

Thirdly, Electropolymerisation. The clue here is in the name – this is causing a liquid monomer to polymerise to a solid by passing electricity through it rather than light (or other forms of energy).

eprint

The Electric 3D Printing system proposed here.

I hope you can now see how these three concepts could work together. My idea is to have a bath of monomer engineered to polymerise using an electric current. In place of shining light through it like the Berkeley/Livermore system, the current is programmed using the reverse of the Spectra system. In its final form (shown in the diagram above), one would have a cylindrical bath containing the liquid monomer. The walls of the bath would have a fine array of electrodes in a square grid over their entire area (the grid would be finer than in the diagram). These would be addressed by a controlling computer to pass electric currents through the liquid monomer in such a way as to solidify it just where required to form the 3D solid defined by an STL file (as in conventional 3D printing). The machine would have no moving parts, and the solid would be formed in (I hope) a few seconds.

The entire machine could, of course, be printed in a conventional two-filament RepRap if one filament were conducting.

The primary purpose of this blog post is to get my Electric 3D Printing idea out as open-source, and to establish it as prior art so that it cannot be patented.

Finally, and very speculatively, an even more ambitious possibility would be to move from organic chemistry to inorganic, and to replace the bath of monomer with an electrolyte such as copper acetate or copper sulphate. It might then be possible to cause the copper to precipitate at any location in 3D space if the pattern of electric currents through the liquid could be got right. The dense copper would settle out of solution, of course, so the process would have to start at the bottom of the bath and work up. I think that this idea would be much more difficult to make work than the polymerisation one. The reason is that I expect that the polymerisation system would turn out to rely on engineering a non-linear response in the polymerisation reaction to current: probably something like a sigmoid function. That would be very difficult (or even impossible) to do with metal deposition, which is a strictly linear Avogadro’s-number-and-coulombs phenomenon like electro-plating.

But if it could be made to work, we could then 3D-print a complete solid copper object at room temperature. Or, for that matter, a titanium one…


Adrian Bowyer

25 July 2019